Question: A number is a perfect square, or a square number, if it is the square of a positive integer.
For example, 25 is a square number because $5^2 = 5 \times 5 = 25$; it is also an odd square.
The first 5 square numbers are: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, and the sum of the odd squares is $1 + 9 + 25 = 35$.
Among the first 870 thousand square numbers, what is the sum of all the odd squares?
1. **State the problem:** We want to find the sum of all odd square numbers among the first 870,000 square numbers.
2. **Understanding odd squares:** Odd squares come from squaring odd integers. The $n$-th odd number is $2n - 1$, so the $n$-th odd square is $(2n - 1)^2$.
3. **Count of odd squares in first 870,000 squares:** The first 870,000 square numbers are $1^2, 2^2, 3^2, ..., 870000^2$.
Among these, the odd squares correspond to odd integers from 1 to 870,000. The number of odd integers up to 870,000 is:
$$\text{count} = \frac{870000 + 1}{2} = 435000.5$$
Since count must be an integer, we take the floor:
$$\text{count} = 435000$$
4. **Sum of the first $m$ odd squares:**
We want to find:
$$S = \sum_{n=1}^{435000} (2n - 1)^2$$
Expand the square:
$$S = \sum_{n=1}^{435000} (4n^2 - 4n + 1) = 4\sum_{n=1}^{435000} n^2 - 4\sum_{n=1}^{435000} n + \sum_{n=1}^{435000} 1$$
5. **Use formulas for sums:**
- Sum of first $m$ integers:
$$\sum_{n=1}^m n = \frac{m(m+1)}{2}$$
- Sum of first $m$ squares:
$$\sum_{n=1}^m n^2 = \frac{m(m+1)(2m+1)}{6}$$
- Sum of 1 repeated $m$ times:
$$\sum_{n=1}^m 1 = m$$
6. **Calculate each sum for $m=435000$:**
$$\sum_{n=1}^{435000} n = \frac{435000 \times 435001}{2}$$
$$\sum_{n=1}^{435000} n^2 = \frac{435000 \times 435001 \times 870001}{6}$$
$$\sum_{n=1}^{435000} 1 = 435000$$
7. **Substitute back:**
$$S = 4 \times \frac{435000 \times 435001 \times 870001}{6} - 4 \times \frac{435000 \times 435001}{2} + 435000$$
8. **Simplify terms:**
$$S = \frac{4 \times 435000 \times 435001 \times 870001}{6} - 2 \times 435000 \times 435001 + 435000$$
9. **Final answer:**
The sum of all odd squares among the first 870,000 square numbers is:
$$\boxed{S = \frac{4 \times 435000 \times 435001 \times 870001}{6} - 2 \times 435000 \times 435001 + 435000}$$
This formula can be computed with a calculator or software for the exact numeric value.