Question: 13. One of Five Pillars of Islam, the hajj, is A. the observation of the holy month of July, including fasting from dawn to sunset. B. one’s duty to give alms to the poor and unfortunate. C. a pilgrimage to Makkah. D. a public prayer at midday on Friday to worship Allah. 14. As the Arab Empire grew, people who were not Muslims or did not convert to Islam in the conquered territories A. had to give up all of their property to the empire. B. had to pay special taxes. C. were banished from those territories. D. were imprisoned for at least five years. 15. By the time the Umayyad dynasty was established, the Arab Empire had already conquered A. the Austro-Hungarian Empire. B. the Persian Empire. C. southern France and Corsica. D. Switzerland. 16. The revolt led by Hussein during the early Umayyad period led to A. a bloody war that lasted just seven days. B. the destruction of the burial place of Muhammad. C. the split of Islam into two separate groups. D. the strengthening of the Umayyad dynasty. 17. The Umayyad dynasty was replaced by A. Abbasid rulers. B. Bedouin rulers. C. Egyptian rulers. D. Sunni rulers. 18. Through the achievements of Muslim scholars, Europeans A. developed an appreciation for painting and sculpture. B. discovered tobacco. C. were able to obtain products from Spain. D. were able to read the works of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers.

1. The problem asks to identify the correct answers for multiple-choice questions about Islamic history and culture. 2. For question 13, the hajj is known as a pilgrimage to Makkah, so the correct answer is C. 3. For question 14, non-Muslims or those who did not convert in conquered territories had to pay special taxes, so the correct answer is B. 4. For question 15, by the time the Umayyad dynasty was established, the Arab Empire had conquered the Persian Empire, so the correct answer is B. 5. For question 16, the revolt led by Hussein caused the split of Islam into two groups, so the correct answer is C. 6. For question 17, the Umayyad dynasty was replaced by Abbasid rulers, so the correct answer is A. 7. For question 18, Muslim scholars' achievements allowed Europeans to read works of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers, so the correct answer is D. Final answers: 13. C 14. B 15. B 16. C 17. A 18. D